the markedly high prevalence of obesity contributes to the increased incidence of chronic diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, sleep apnea, and heart disease. because of high prevalence of obesity in almost all countries, it has been the focus of many researches throughout the world during the recent decades. along with increasing researches, new concepts and controversies have been emerge...

the incidence and prevalence of obesity are fast increasing worldwide. various indices have been used to measure and assess obesity. the body mass index (bmi) is the most common and practical of these indices. overweight and obesity exert considerable adverse effects on the cardiovascular system. these effects are mediated through various neurohormonal and cytokine pathways, most of which are i...

Among lean populations, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is rare. Among those with increased adiposity, CVD is the commonest cause of worldwide death. The "obesity paradox" describes seemingly contrary relationships between body fat and health/ill-health. Multiple obesity paradoxes exist, and include the anatomic obesity paradox, physiologic obesity paradox, demographic obesity paradox, therapeutic...

Obesity remains an important risk factor of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, it has been observed that increased body fat and body mass index predicted longer survival after the occurrence of a cardiovascular event. This observation has been named the obesity paradox. Initially, the term obesity paradox referred to the observation of the better outcome of cardiovascular dis...

Several studies verify and emphasize the obesity paradox but they do not offer any evident explanation for the paradox. Obesity paradox explanation by pathogenetic action mechanisms of parathyroid hormone-related protein and calcitonin gene-related peptide is evaluated. The vasodilatant action of these peptides has been taken into consideration in decreasing the peripheral arterial vascular ton...

Abdominal obesity is associated with the development of cardiovascular disease. However, an ‘obesity paradox’ phenomenon has been identified whereby cardiovascular events that may ultimately lead to heart failure, in a setting of obesity occur with relatively lower severity affording the obese patient a greater chance of survival. The obesity paradox has partly been explained by a higher substr...

BACKGROUND Many studies have documented an obesity paradox-a survival advantage of being obese-in populations diagnosed with a medical condition. Whether obesity is causally associated with improved mortality in these conditions is unresolved. METHODS We develop the logic of collider bias as it pertains to the association between smoking and obesity in a diseased population. Data from the Nat...

The September issue of Obesity featured articles by Tobias and Hu (1) and Flegal and Kalantar-Zadeh (2) that explored the observation that, in clinical populations, such as individuals with heart failure, chronic kidney disease, or diabetes, those with higher BMI often have lower mortality rates than leaner individuals. The articles disagree whether this phenomenon, known as the obesity paradox...

Obesity has been increasing in epidemic proportions, with a disproportionately higher increase in morbid or class III obesity, and obesity adversely affects cardiovascular (CV) hemodynamics, structure, and function, as well as increases the prevalence of most CV diseases. Progressive declines in physical activity over 5 decades have occurred and have primarily caused the obesity epidemic. Despi...